景观现象学视域下乡村植物景观本质的哲学沉思(全文可下载)

苏同向/SU Tongxiang

南京林业大学风景园林学院副教授，硕士生导师

杨华/YANG Hua

南京林业大学风景园林在读硕士研究生

王浩*/WANG Hao

南京林业大学校长，风景园林学院教授，博士生导师/本刊顾问编委

摘要： 日常生活世界的失落使景观设计脱离于现象本身，社会变迁发展的急剧使景观重心偏离于人的心灵感知。乡村植物景观作为现代乡村景观中不甚突出的景观要素，为迎合来自城市的需求而多被设计为人造痕迹明显的景观，在这种“流行”设计下的乡村景观呈现城市化加重的趋势，逐渐丧失本原特征。现象还原法的显现为寻回乡村景观和植物景观的本源特征指明了前进的方向：运用该方法对乡村植物景观进行分析，从基础的知觉意向进入纯粹理论的范畴意向，最终用现象学的态度取代自然态度进入现象学沉思，对乡村植物景观及所处世界的一切事物进行全部反思，揭示乡村植物景观的存在性和本质特征，为其未来发展提供借鉴意义。

关键词： 风景园林；景观现象学；乡村植物景观；意向；现象还原

Abstract: The loss of the world of daily life makes landscape design separate from the phenomenon itself, and the rapid development of social change makes landscape focus deviate from the spiritual world of people. As a less prominent landscape element in modern rural landscape, rural botanical landscape is mostly designed as a landscape with obvious artificial traces in order to cater to the demands of the city. Under this "popular" design trend, the rural landscape shows the trend of urbanization increasing in thousands of villages, and gradually loses its original characteristics. The appearance of the phenomenon reduction method indicates the way forward for retrieving the original characteristics of rural landscape and plants landscape: the rural plant landscape is analyzed with this method, from foundation of perceptual direction into the category of pure theory direction, and finally the phenomenological attitude replaces natural attitude into the phenomenology of meditation, for rural plant landscape and the world all things for all the thoughts, to reveal the existence of rural plant landscape and substantive characteristics and provide reference for its future development.

Keywords: landscape architecture; landscape phenomenology; rural plant landscape; intention; phenomenon reduction

当前哲学语境为风景园林引入了一种新的观察视角——景观现象学，旨在通过现象学的哲学思辨理论，观察、分析景观的现象特征和本质属性。

该视角以现象学的核心理论“意向性”为研究切入点，聚焦于人与环境之间的关系，通过人在环境中的感知体验，对乡村植物景观现象作直观现实的观察和具体定性的描述，从人、景、世界的关系中洞见乡村植物景观的本质特性，解答其“是什么、如何存在”的问题。

现象还原法是一种用现象学角度分析的特殊的定性研究方法，主要分为3个步骤(图1)：步骤一是具体定性的描述主体对对象的知觉感知和活动体验；步骤二用理性的句法联结经验形成事态，并判断其为真或为假；步骤三以旁观者的视角对世界的一切意向对象进行沉思，思考意向对象的本质和意义。

图1 现象还原法

1)景观知觉与活动体验。

研究直接面向乡村植物景观，通过人的五感六觉与事物建立联系，初步唤醒知觉性意向：主体获得由其质料和形式在自然及人工环境的触发下引起的沉浸式的联觉体验，并且跟随主体肉身在时空上的变化形成对乡村植物景观感知的变化与联系，即主体在心灵、情感、精神上的意向性和能动性(图2~5)。

△图2 知觉性意向1

△图3 知觉性意向2

△图4 知觉性意向3

△图5 知觉性意向4

2)景观知觉的变更。

在知觉的经验变更中，记忆、想象和预期相互交织，将过去、未来和某种浪漫性植入乡村植物景观；而知觉的诠释性变更，形成语词、图像和指示意向，共同凝聚了乡村植物景观的场所个性(图6~8)。

△图6 图像性意向1

△图7 图像性意向2

△图8 图像性意向3

范畴意向运用句法将乡村植物景观进行区分和联结，形成事态，探寻其成真性，并对事态进行判断，获得其明晰性，以待进行现象学沉思。

1)态度：从参与者到旁观者。

现象学沉思的第一步是用反思的方式关注自然态度中的一切，认可其成就并停止意向保持中立。自我从参与者变为旁观者，全盘反思与乡村植物景观关联的一切事物，即如乡村植物景观存在于世般看待它。

2)还原：从现象到本质。

本质还原渗透于现象还原之中，随现象还原的深入，本质逐渐得以显露。在现象学沉思中，原生植物向乡村植物景观的发展揭示场所地域性的特征，人类从这种揭示中获得如下启示：乡村植物景观的存在是必然的自然力量和必然的人性力量的平衡状态。

乡村植物景观集结了世界的各种复合意义，形成对自然真理和人性真理交织的集聚，构成其本质特征(表1)。

表1 现象学研究方法各步骤分析

(可点击图片放大查看)

当前乡村植物景观发展困境主要在于与环境、地方性、人之间的联结遗失，造成大量乡村植物景观环境的疏离感。以景观现象学的途径介入乡村植物景观、乡村景观等理论和设计中，或许可以揭示一种处于联结中的能动景观关系。

因此，在未来与景观密切相关的生活中，对自然真理和人性真理的揭示、重构、更新，将会给景观设计带来取之不尽、用之不竭的想象资源和创造灵感。

The lack of awareness of its characteristics and values in rural landscape development is causing the rural botanical landscape to lose their original features. Therefore, a new observation perspective is provided in the current philosophical context—the landscape phenomenology. Through this perspective, facing the actual phenomenon of the countryside can reveal the philosophical significance of the existence of rural plant landscape and then provide a profound theoretical basis and a reliable development direction for the construction of rural plant landscape in the process of beautiful countryside construction.

Landscape phenomenology originates from the combination of landscape and phenomenology and mainly refers to observing and analyzing the phenomenological characteristics and essential attributes of landscapes through the philosophical, speculative theory of phenomenology. This paper directly cites the core theory of phenomenology, intentionality, as the main entry point of the research, focusing on the relationship between people and environment, making intuitive, realistic observations and specific, qualitative descriptions of rural plant landscape phenomenon through people's perceptual experience in environment. The purpose is to gain insight into its essential characteristics from the relationship between the rural plant landscape, humans, and environment, then to answer the question of "what it is and how it exists".

The phenomenon reduction method is a particular qualitative research method analyzed from a phenomenological perspective. It is mainly divided into three steps. Step 1 is to precisely and qualitatively describe the subject's perceptual perception and activity experience of the object, including the experience and interpretation change of perception. Step 2 uses rational syntax to connect experience to form a state of affairs and judges whether it is true or false. Step 3 is to meditate on all conscious objects in the world from the perspective of a bystander, and then think about the nature and meaning of the intended thing. The 3-step research presents a progressive relationship, and the latter is the premise of the former, rising from perceptual cognition to rational thinking and from the participant to the bystander.

The research is directly oriented to the rural plant landscape, initially awakening the intentionality of perception, and based on this, combined with the changes in experience and interpretation of perception, the rural plant landscape can transcend the limitations of time and space, forming a fulfilling intention and poetic experience. 

The perceptual intention is the most essential intention activity which establishes a connection with things through people's various senses. In perception, the rural botanical landscape is intuitively presented in front of the subject, enabling the subject to obtain an immersive synesthesia experience triggered by its materials and forms in the natural and artificial environment. This experience follows the variety of the subject's body in time and space to form the change and connection of the perception of the rural plant landscape, that is, the subject's intentionality and agency in the mind, emotion and spirit. 

The intuitive experience is diverse. According to the different landscape presentations, the rural plant landscape can be mainly divided into "isolated planting, column planting and group planting"; based on people's perceptual responses, the perceptual process can be divided into instantaneous perception and diachronic perception. Isolated trees generally form instantaneous perception, bringing short-term impact and deep impression; rural plant landscapes planted in columns and groups often bring immersive diachronic perception, deepening the perception experience in human movement. 

In the change of perception experience of, memory, imagination and anticipation are intertwined, making the past, the future and a certain romance implanted into the rural plant landscape. Reminiscence intentions reproduce the perception: the subject has a seasonally changing perceptual experience of the rural plant landscape with the different seasons of experience. Imaginative intentions or anticipatory intentions make the subject turn from the surroundings to the rural plant landscape in the constructed self-world and inject creativity and vitality into the perceptual experience through imagination and association, reaching an unprecedented extension. 

Perception triggers interpretive changes to form words, images, and indicative intentions. When people regard the captured marks, features as words and use syntax to name things, symbolic intentions will be opened. For example, an ancient Shaguo tree in Chaohu Village, Guizhou, called locally "a tree", is a collection of geographical changes, local characteristics, rural history, and villagers' wishes and expectations. Pictorial intention freezes something with a certain prominent feature at one moment and in a certain environment with an angle and attitude. Such as the sunlight casting tree shadows on the white wall, revealing the sense of tree gap and the plasticity of light. An indicative intention is a sign that reminds one of the thing. For example, the ancient Shaguo tree in Chaohu Village is the "lighthouse" in the villagers' hearts.

Category intention uses syntax to distinguish and connect rural plant landscape, form a state of affairs to explore its reality, and judge it to obtain its clarity for phenomenological contemplation. 

Once the perceptual intention is interrupted, the syntax can connect the subject's experience of the rural plant landscape into a state of affairs and a collection of states of affairs. Thus, experiences of the rural botanical landscape are presented, maintained and transmitted, and will be enriched continuously as the experience of self and others deepens. However, since the state of affairs formed by each subject is only "claimed by a single person", it needs to be judged to prove its authenticity. In the verification process, the subject needs to not only observe the rural plant landscape further, but also listen to the opinions of others or estimate the actual situation with the help of the existing truth. 

The first step in phenomenological contemplation is to pay attention to everything in the natural attitude in a reflective way instead of simply intentions of observing things by default from the original perspective way. Firstly, recognizing the validity of simple intentions and category intentions, and admitting the truth, falsehood and vagueness; secondly, stopping all kinds of intentionality, "suspending" various prejudices of consciousness phenomenon, and not rushing to judge.

Thus, the self gets rid of the participant position and becomes a bystander. From the reflection on the rural plant landscape in the categorical intention, it enters the overall reflection on everything including the sky and earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, man-made structures, the music in the environment, people walking in it, and the experience of others.

At this point, the ego treats it like the rural plant landscape that exists in the world. Native plants, as the most primitive "residents" of the place, live concretely on local land and gather the characteristics of the surrounding natural environment: it forms its growth habits, ecological changes, cooperation and competition between species, and other attributes under the influence of its surrounding landscape, geology and hydrology, climate and sunlight, etc. Humans settled here from the understanding of the natural existence of climate, geography, plants, and so on, and then, according to this understanding, combined with their needs to create a rural plant landscape that meets the requirements of daily living. The transformed plant landscape has gradually become a humanized nature, which is endowed with humanized characteristics under the influence of the artificial world. Through the homophony, shape, orientation, time sense, and other characteristics of plants, human beings "create" the meaning between people and plant landscapes. But the creation of meaning is still based on the perception of the real world and the original natural sense.

While the reduction of the phenomenon is carried out, the eidetic reduction infiltrated in the object is also taking effect. 

With the continuous deepening of human perception of nature, the truth of nature has been constantly revealed. In phenomenological contemplation, native plants display the regional characteristics from which humans gain inspiration and construct the meaning of life through the rural plant landscape. 

With the changes in the degree of social development, plants have evolved from nature to human and then returned to nature, forming a closed loop. But the essential purpose of development is to achieve a balance between nature and human beings. Through the above intentions, it is found that the balance of the rural plant landscape is the combination of the inevitable natural force and the inevitable human force. The specific mapping to the characteristics of the rural plant landscape is mainly manifested in two aspects. First is the externalization of natural traits and the internalization of cultural traits. As a significant part of the natural ecosystem, and through the active penetration of surrounding natural spaces and the stable inheritance of historical contexts, villages and rural residents form a strong attachment to nature and pastoral life. Therefore, landscape expressions such as the form and planting mode of rural plant landscapes are more natural; and the folk customs, culture, and emotions formed in rural daily life are all internalized in the connotation of plant landscapes with spiritual symbols. Second is the permeability of plant landscape and space. Due to the enveloping relationship between the public space and the building, the area of plant landscape intersects, and the boundaries are blurred, forming a hazy beauty of permeability. Therefore, the rural plant landscape not only acts as a beautifier and a supplier by the natural force, but also comprises a transition and a connector in the human life scene. 

This proves that the rural plant landscape gathers the power, emotion, and spirit of the natural and social world and reveals a new compound meaning to people through its appearance: the gathering of natural truth and human truth. This meaning is contained in people's experience of the rural plant landscape, which constitutes its essence. Because of this, the rural plant landscape forms a perfect combination of the naturalness and sociality of the rural living environment and relies on people's various perceptual experiences and logical connections to develop a deep sense of attachment to the place. Because of a certain connection between the location and nature, the sky, the earth, and the divinity, people also get a certain connection with "heaven, earth, and divinity", forming the meaning of human beings living there. 

The current development dilemma of landscapes, such as rural plant landscape, mainly lies in the loss of connection with the environment, locality and people, resulting in lots of alienation of rural plant landscape environment. Intervening in the theory and design of the rural plant landscape, the rural landscape and the urban landscape by means of landscape phenomenology may reveal an active landscape relationship in connection, which not only refutes the idea of ignoring human perception and experience, but also resists fixed thinking and narrow sense of danger. 

Therefore, life closely related to landscape in the future, the revelation, reconstruction and renewal of truth of nature and humans will bring inexhaustible imagination resources and creative inspiration to landscape design. At the same time, the memory, revelation and prediction of the landscape also shape and define its own collective consciousness for the social culture. 

注：文中图片均由作者绘制或拍摄。